歲月風雲 (The Drive of Life) – TVB drama
Whine Bitch & Me
Videos: 53
Released: 2007
Description: Episodes: 60 AKA: Summary Cast
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Broadcaster: TVB and CCTV
Shui Yuet Fung Wan
Sui Yue Feng Yun
歲月風雲
岁月风云
Created to celebrate the 10th anniversary of Hong Kong's return to China, this drama revolves around the history between these two places. It will be focused around China's growing automobile industry, a major car manufacturing company, and the family who manages it. –DramaWiki
Damian Lau as Wah Man Hang
Raymond Lam as Wah Zhen Pong
Jessica Hsuan as Wah Ching Yuk
Charmaine Sheh as Wing Sau Fung
Joe Ma as Ngai Wing Piew
Myolie Wu as Fong Bing Yee
Sheren Tang as Wong Siu Fan
Michael Miu as Wah Man Shek
Feng Shao Feng (Mainland) as Wah Zhen Man
Currently catching the show over a particular website whereby there are plenty of drama. Wanna know the website? Comment with your email and I will email privately. Good things are supposed to be selfish!
Unlike the cultures of the Valley of Mexico, the only period in which the urban centers were important to the Mayas was during the Classic period from 300 to 900 AD. The culture of the Mayas, however, has little changed from the classic period to the modern period, for Maya culture was largely tribal and rural all throughout the Classic period. What distinguishes Classic from post-Classic Maya culture was the importance of urban centers and their structures in the religious life of the Mayas and the extent of literate culture.
The Mayas were never a "true" urban culture; the urban centers were almost entirely used as religious centers for the rural population surrounding them. Therfore, the decline of the urban centers after 900 AD did not involve titanic social change so much as religious change; it is believed by some scholars that the abandonment of the cities was primarily due to religious proselytizing from the north. Nevertheless, the Classic period saw an explosion of cultural creativity all throughout the region populated by the tribes we call "Mayan." They derived many cultural forms from the north, but also devised many cultural innovations that profoundly influenced all subsequent cultures throughout Mesoamerica. Much of Maya culture, particularly the religious reckoning of time, is still a vital aspect of Native American life in Guatemala and Honduras.
Classic Maya culture developed in three regions in Mesoamerica. By far the most important and most complete urban developments occurred in the lowlands in the "central region" of southern Guatemala. This region is a drainage basin about sixty miles long and twenty miles wide and is covered by tropical rain forest; the Mayas, in fact, are only one of two peoples to develop an urban culture in a tropical rainforest. The principal city in this region was Tikal, but the spread of urbanization extended south to Honduras; the southernmost Mayan city was Copan in northern Honduras. In the Guatemalan highlands to the north, Mayan culture developed less fully. The highlands are more temperate and seem to have been the main suppliers of raw materials to the central urban centers. The largest and most complete urban center was Palenque. The other major region of Mayan development was the Yucatan peninsula making up the southern and eastern portions of modern-day Mexico. This is a dry region and, although urban centers were built in this region, including Chichen Itza and Uxmal (pronounced "Oosh-mal"), most scholars believe that this was a culturally marginal area. After the abandonment of the Classic Mayan cities, the Yucatán peninsula became the principal region of a new, synthetic culture called Toltec-Mayan which was formed when Toltecs migrating from the north integrated with indigenous Maya peoples.
Almost all the urban centers were built in tropical rain forest. This is the singularly most important fact of Mayan cultural development and probably the most significant reason why the Mayans never developed a fully urban culture. For tropical rain forest is extremely difficult to live in; despite its lushness and moisture, tropical rain forest can only support small human populations. While plant and animal growth seems almost out of control and the rains never stop, tropical rain forest makes extremely poor agricultural land. As a consequence, a greater amount of area is required to support each person—this encourages population dispersal rather than the concentration necessary to do things like build cities and temples and such. It has been estimated that there were never more than 30 people per square mile during the classic period. So the Mayan accomplishment is truly awe-inspiring! With a difficult life, with heat and humidity that would melt the hardiest North American, and with a very sparse population, the Mayans built incredibly sophisticated urban centers, an astronomical science and mathematics among the most sophisticated in the pre-modern world, and the most developed and complex system of writing in the Americas.
The Mayans enter history with the diffusion of certain architectural styles throughout the Mayan cultural area. The early diffusion of this architecture, which includes stelae (stone, flat columns) and corbelled vaults, and culture is called the Early Classic Period (292-593). The Late Classic Period (593-889) is characterized by the efflorescence of Maya culture in over ninety cities and the widespread use of writing.
The cities the Mayas built were ceremonial centers. A priestly class lived in the cities, but for the most part the Maya population lived in small farming villages. The priestly class would carry out daily religious duties, particularly sacrifices, and the peasants would periodically gather for religious ceremonies and festivals. For reasons that we don't understand, the Mayas, abandoned their cities around 900 AD. There is evidence of invasion from the outside and its possible that economic difficulties led them to abandon the cities. The greatest change seems to be the disappearance of the priestly class; with this disappearance, the Mayas stopped working on their cities. The peasans seem to have continued to use their cities for a time, but that eventually came to a halt as well. Life for the Mayas did not really change drastically after the decline of their cities, for the cities were central only in their ceremonial life.
Maya population was in general very small, and very few of the Mayas permanently lived in the urban centers. The central reason for this is the nature of agriculture in tropical rain forest. The Mayas, like others forced to cultivate tropical rain forest, practiced slash and burn agriculture. Because growth is so rapid in tropical rain forests, the nutrients provided by dead plants and animal feces gets used up very quickly. Rain forest soil, surprisingly, is remarkably unfertile for agriculture. In slash and burn agriculture, the Mayans would cut down a swath of forest, burn the felled trees and plants for fertilizer, and then cultivate the plot. Now as then the Mayans did not employ sophisticated fertilization techniques, so the plot of land would be exhausted in two to four years (some archaeologists estimate that it may have taken as long as seven years if the Mayans weeded by hand rather than using tools). What all this means is that it takes an immense amount of land to support a family—among the Maya, it probably required at least seventy acres for every five people. The population, then, throughout the Classic Period was very small.
Slash and burn agriculture (called milpa by the Mayas) is also labor intensive. Modern-day Native Americans in Guatemala who employ this agriculture spend about 190 days every year in agricultural work. Despite this labor, you can see that at least 170 days are left over (almost half of a year) for other types of labor. This excess time was used in the Classic Period in the building and maintenance of cities as well as the extensive production of art-work and the agricultural labor necessary to support the priestly populations in the cities.
The principal food of the Mayas was maize and maize production was the central economic activity of the Mayas. Milpa farming itself, which is dependent on a holistic view of one's activities since the cultivated plot keeps moving, seems to have been the foundational basis of the Mayan religion and the Mayan concern with time. We know almost nothing of Mayan society beyond the social division between the priests and the peasants. Mayan society had several strata: rulers, priests, commoners, and slaves. The extent to which the rulers were differentiated from the priests is unknown. At the top of the Mayan hierarchy was the halach uinic ("True Man"), whose position was hereditary. The halach uinic ruled both domestic and foreign affairs with the help of a council. Lesser chiefs ruled smaller social units.
In the religious hierarchy, the head was called Ah Kin Mai ("The Highest One of the Sun") who ruled over all the priests below him (called Ah Kin , "The One of the Sun"). There were two special priestly functions involved in human sacrifice: the chacs , who were elderly men who held down the victim, and the nacon , who cut the living heart from the victim.
Mayas had a sense of physical beauty very different from other peoples in Mesoamerica. They prized a long, backward sloping forehead; in order to attain this look, infants would have their skulls bound with boards. Crossed-eyes were an important item of physical beauty; infants would have objects dangled in front of their eyes in order to permanently cross their eyes (this is still practiced today).
For this reason, Mayan religion is obsessed with time. In order to correctly orient oneself to the cycles of time, one must be able to calculate these cycles with great accuracy. To this end, the Mayas developed a number of calendrical systems. At the center was the tzolkin , or sacred calendar, which consisted of 260 days; this calendar worked on two cycles, a cycle of 13 numbered days and a cycle of 20 named days. These two cycles would repeat themselves every 260 days. In addition, they had the tun , or ceremonial calendar, which was 360 days long plus five concluding, unlucky days. Another calendar was the katun , which was a cycle of 20 tuns . They also used a Venus calendar (584 days), a half-year lunar calendar, and cycles of the sky gods. In combination, these calendars made the Mayans the most accurate reckoners of time before the modern period reaching an accuracy of being one day off every 6000 years (which is far more accurate than our calendar). All the days of these calendars in their incredible complexity served as astronomical almanacs that rigidly controlled behavior and religious ceremony. It is not unfair to say that Mayan life was one long continuous cycle of religious ceremonies.
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Religious ceremonies involved several aspects: dancing, competition, dramatic performances, prayer, and sacrifice. The gods required nourishment from human beings in order to work. While sacrifice often involved foodstuffs, the bulk of sacrifice involved some form of human sacrifice. The majority of this human sacrifice was blood-letting, in which a victim, usually a priest, voluntarily pierces a part (or parts) of their body&$151;usually their tongue, ears, lips, or penis—and "gives" blood to the gods. The higher one's position in the hierarchy, the more blood was expected. Some ceremonies demanded the living heart of a victim, in which case the victim was held down by the four chacs at the top of a pyramid or raised platform while the nacon made an incision below the rib cage and ripped out the heart with his hands. The heart was then burned in order to nourish the gods.
The Mayas believed that the world had been created five times and destroyed four times; this eschatology became the fundamental basis of Mesoamerican religion from 900 AD onwards when it was adopted by the Toltecs. Most of the Mayan gods were reptilian and they all had dual aspects, that is, each god had a benevolent aspect and a malevolent aspect. The Mayas believed in an elaborate afterlife, but heaven was reserved for those who had been hanged, sacrificed, or died in childbirth. Everyone else went to xibal , or hell, which was ruled over by the Lords of Death. |
Apocalypto is an Academy Award nominated 2006 epic film directed by Mel Gibson. Set in Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula, it depicts one man's experience during the decline of the ancient Maya civilization.
Opening quote:
| “ | A great civilization is not conquered from without until it is destroyed from within. | ” |
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—W. Durant |
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Baird's Tapir in the Mesoamerican jungle, Jaguar Paw (Rudy Youngblood), his father Flint Sky (Morris Birdyellowhead), and their fellow tribesmen encounter a procession of traumatized and fearful refugees. The procession's leader explains that their lands have been ravaged, and with Flint Sky's permission are allowed to pass through the forest. When Jaguar Paw and his tribesmen return to their village, Flint Sky tells his son not to let the procession's state of fear seep into him. At night, the tribe's elder tells the village a fable of man forever unable to fill his want, despite having been given the capabilities of all of the animals. The villagers follow the story with music and dance, leaving Jaguar Paw to ponder.
The next morning, Jaguar Paw wakes from a nightmare to see strangers enter the village and set the huts ablaze. The raiders, led by Zero Wolf (Raoul Trujillo), attack and subdue the villagers. Jaguar Paw slips out with his pregnant wife Seven (Dalia Hernández) and his little son Turtles Run, lowering them on a vine into a small cave (a chultun, shaped something like a well) to hide them. Jaguar Paw returns to the village to fight the raiders but is subdued with the rest of the tribe. A raider whom Jaguar Paw attacked and almost killed, the vicious Middle Eye (Gerardo Taracena), slits Flint Sky's throat in front of his son.
Maya city rulers look up to the approaching solar eclipse
Before the raiders leave the village with their prisoners, one suspicious raider severs the vine leading into the ground cave, trapping Jaguar Paw's wife and son within. The raiders and their captives trek toward a Maya city, encountering failed maize crops and slaves producing plaster. They also pass a small girl with leprosy (alternatively congenital syphilis) who, after entering a trance-like state, prophesies to the raiders that their end is near, including details of darkness in the middle of the day and a man bringing a jaguar. In the city's outskirts, the female captives are sold as slaves and the males are escorted to the top of a step pyramid. The high priest sacrifices several captives by pulling out their hearts and decapitating them. When Jaguar Paw is about to be sacrificed, a solar eclipse stays the priest's hand. The priest declares the sun god Kukulkan satisfied with the sacrifices. The eclipse passes, and light returns to the world.
Zero Wolf, told to dispose of the captives by the priest, takes them to a ball field. The captives are released in pairs and forced to run the length of the field to win their freedom. The warriors target them with javelins, arrows, and slingstones as they run. Jaguar Paw is struck by an arrow through the abdomen but reaches the end of the field and removes the arrow tip. Zero Wolf's son, Cut Rock, approaches to finish him off with an obsidian blade but Jaguar Paw stabs him through the jaw with the arrow tip. As Cut Rock dies a painful death, Jaguar Paw escapes through a withered maize field and an open mass grave. The enraged Zero Wolf pursues Jaguar Paw into the jungle with his fellow raiders. The chase leads back to the forest. One of the raiders is killed by a black jaguar that has been disturbed by Jaguar Paw. As he flees, Jaguar Paw jumps over a high waterfall and survives, declaring from the riverbank below that the raiders are now in his territory.
Zero Wolf's raiders fall to both the forest's elements and Jaguar Paw's traps. A heavy rain sets in, which begins to flood the ground cave in which Jaguar Paw's wife and son are still trapped. Jaguar Paw defeats Middle Eye in hand-to-hand combat and kills Zero Wolf by leading him into a trap meant for hunting tapir. He is chased by two remaining raiders out to a beach where they encounter conquistadors and missionaries making their way ashore in boats. The amazement of the raiders allows Jaguar Paw to flee. He returns into the forest to rescue his wife and son from the cave. He finds that his wife has given birth to a healthy second son, and the family is rescued. Jaguar Paw leads them deeper into the forest, leaving the conquistadors anchored in ships off the beach.
has been criticized by a number of anthropologists and archaeologists working in the field of Mayanist studies who charge that the film depicts late Maya society as violent. The film has also been accused of historical inaccuracy and racism by historians, Chicanos, Native Americans, and many in the archaeological community.[23] Some of these people charge that the film helps fuel a stereotype that shows native Mesoamericans as bloodthirsty savages, while failing to portray their achievements in areas such as mathematics and astronomy. For example, it was more typical of the Aztecs to practice the kind of human sacrifice depicted in the movie, rather than the Maya. The sun god Kukulkan, to whom the sacrifices are offered, is in fact the Maya equivalent of the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl and did not demand human sacrifice. The radical Mexica Movement denounced Gibson as "a white supremacist" and charged that he had emphasized the human sacrifice issue in order to legitimise "European conquest and genocide"
Sara Zapata Mijares, who is president and founder of Federacion de Clubes Yucatecos-USA which is a group of Yucatec Mayans, disagrees on any perceived negative portrayal but nonetheless commented that the film "should have had a little bit more of the culture. It could have shown a little more why these buildings [pyramids] were built."
The Chicano cultural magazine Xispas has a detailed critique of the film on its blog, including the following charges against the film: "According to Gibson, Mayan elites used religion as a means to control and manipulate the people, and the film focuses on the director’s view that the practice of ritual human sacrifice — which the movie depicts as having been performed on a massive scale, was one of the primary reasons for the downfall of the Maya. That is what raises the eyebrows of archaeologists — since there is absolutely no evidence that the Maya practiced human sacrifice on a massive scale." On the other hand, in Maya rituals prisoners of war were in fact killed "on top of the pyramid […] by having his arms and legs held while a priest cut open his chest with a sacrificial flint knife and tore out his heart as an offering." In an article in the newspaper Reforma, Juan E. Pardinas wrote: "The bad news is that this historical interpretation bears some resemblances with reality… Mel Gibson’s characters are more similar to the Mayas of the Bonampak’s murals than the ones that appear in the Mexican school textbooks."
Likewise in the movie, another key cause of the fall of the civilization was "excessive consumption" and "environmental degradation" of which there is plenty of supporting evidence. It has been discovered that the Mayan process of creating the lime stucco cement that covered their temples required a great deal of energy to heat up the lime stone to convert it to quick lime. One calculation estimates that it would take five tons of jungle forestry to make one ton of quick lime. Dr. Hansen explains, "I found one pyramid in El Mirador that would have required nearly 650 hectares (1,600 acres) of every single available tree just to cover one building with lime stucco… Epic construction was happening… creating devastation on a huge scale" Michael D Coe author of "The Maya" also lists "environmental collapse" as one of the leading causes of the fall of the great empire, along side "endemic warfare", "over population", and "drought". "There is mounting evidence for massive deforestation and erosion throughout the Central Area. The Maya apocalypse, for such it was, surely had ecological roots," explains Coe.
Likewise, Dr. Richard D. Hansen, the historical consultant for the film Apocalypto and assistant professor of archaeology at Idaho State University as well as the director of the Mirador Basin Project in Guatemala (a forest reserve home to a number of Maya archaeological sites) states that the impact the film will have on Maya archaeology will be beneficial: "It is a wonderful opportunity to focus world attention on the ancient Maya and to realize the role they played in world history."
In Hollywood on a large scale, there is an "active set of debates" between historians and filmmakers as both attempt to create meaning out of the past. Using a historical perspective to portray a work of fiction automatically thrust the work into this debate and undoubtedly will cause outcries from all types of groups. Safinia addresses such concerns by stating, "The final decision when making a film is, 'What is the right balance between historical authenticity and making it exciting visually as well?' The film is an all out entertainment thrill ride, and that is what it was always designed to do."
On a very basic level, the movie contains a number of items unknown in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica.
Apocalypto depicts the latter days — the post classic period — of Maya civilization, but the main pyramid where the human sacrifices occurred actually comes from classic period, when the Mayas were at their zenith. This period ended in 900 A.D., 600 years before the movie apparently takes place. Dr. Hansen comments: "There was nothing in the post-classic period that would match the size and majesty of that pyramid in the film. But Gibson was trying to make a story here. He was trying to depict opulence, wealth, consumption of resources."
After the Mayan empire fell around 900 A.D., the culture survived in a reduced way, much akin to Italy after the Roman EmpireRenaissance Italy, without massive pyramid-building, wars of conquest, or large cities. fell. By 1500, it was essentially a small trade civilization, again akin to early
The Maya city inaccurately combines details from different Maya and Mesoamerican cultures widely separated by time and place.Tikal in the central lowlands classic style while decorated with Puuc style elements of the north west Yucatan centuries later. Co-writer and co-producer Farhad Safinia states the mixing of architectures had been done simply for aesthetic reasons. For example, temples are in the shape of those of
The mural in the arched walkway includes elements from the Maya codices combined with elements from the Bonampak murals (over 700 years earlier than the film's setting) and the San Bartolo murals (some 1500 years earlier than the film's setting) — as in most civilizations, the styles of Maya art changed dramatically over the centuries. Elements of such non-Maya civilizations as those of Teotihuacan and the Aztec are also seen. Robert Carmack, an anthropology professor from SUNY Albany's renowned Mesoamerican program, said "it's a big mistake — almost a tragedy — that they present this as a Maya film." His colleague, Walter Little, agreed, stating how "a lot of people will think this is how it was, unfortunately."
Stephen Houston, Professor of Anthropology at Brown University, points out that human sacrifice victims among the Maya were captured kings, members of royal families, and other high-ranking nobility: "They didn't run around rounding up ordinary people to sacrifice." However MSN Encarta mentions decapitation of royalty and heart extraction of slaves and prisoners. Karl Taube, Professor of Anthropology at the University of California Riverside, objects to the huge pit filled with corpses in the film, citing the lack of evidence for mass graves. On the contrary, Dr. Hansen responds it is "conjecture", citing that "all [Gibson was] trying to do there is express the horror of it [whether those pits existed]"
Professor Taube also objects to the large number of slaves, something for which there is also no evidence. Also, there is little possibility that the Maya would have been "dumbstruck" by the sight of a city. As agricultural people, they also would not have allowed fields of rotting corpses near their crops. Zachary Hruby, of UC Riverside, lamented the use of the Yucatec MayaTerminal Classic Maya and the primarily village-dwelling Late Postclassic Maya. Gibson also includes the arrival of clearly Christian missionaries in the last five minutes of the story even though the truth is that the Spanish arrived 300 years after the last large Maya city was abandoned. However, despite the Maya having largely abandoned their intensive agricultural system at the time of the Spanish arrival, there were still comparatively smaller Maya cities: Mayapan, Tiho, Coba, Chetumal and Nito. language, as it gives a sense of authenticity to a film that he says has taken many unfortunate liberties with the subject. Specifically these liberties include: the style and scale of the sacrifices, the presentation of the Maya villagers as isolated people living off the wild forest, the chronological compression of the more urbanized
Some Mayanists disagree with the romantic view about the Mayas. "The first researchers tried to make a distinction between the 'peaceful' Maya and the 'brutal' cultures of central Mexico", David Stuart wrote in a 2003 article. "They even tried to say human sacrifice was rare among the Maya." But in carvings and mural paintings, Stuart said: "we have now found more and greater similarities between the Aztecs and Mayas — including a Maya ceremony in which a grotesquely costumed priest is shown pulling the entrails from a bound and apparently living sacrificial victim." and even child sacrifices.
Interviewed by the Sunday Times, Gibson defended his film before the attacks of the critics: "I didn't show half the stuff I read about. I read about an orgy of sacrifice: 20,000 people sacrificed in four days. They were also very fond of impaling genitals and torturing people for years on end. For instance, if they captured a king or queen from another place, they would humiliate them for a decade. They would cut off their lips, have their tongues ripped out, they would have no eyes and no ears. Oh, and they would chew their fingers off. The guy would be alive but was just a babbling mass of nerve endings, then they'd roll him up in a ball after nine years of this stuff and roll him down the temple stairs and pulverise him."
Dr. Hansen has defended research that had been done on the film. Hansen was asked to be technical adviser on the film after Gibson had seen one of Hansen's documentaries, called Dawn of the Maya, which was done at El Mirador in northern Guatemala. While Gibson's fictional story is set near the coast of Mexico's Yucatan during the collapse of Classic Maya civilization, Hansen's work in Guatemala's Mirador Basin serves, in large part, as the movie's factual basis: "A lot of the overall ideas that are in the story come from El Mirador, there were a lot of individual scenes that we provided for him [Gibson]. Working on the set was a time machine for me. The Maya houses were exactly like you would expect to see … the corn husks, the pottery sherds, the feathers and textiles, the baskets and mats on the ground."
Asked about if there was any historicity of the physical portrayal of the Mayas in Apocalypto in regards to the makeup and body paint, Hansen responded: "Oh, absolutely. I spent hours and hours going through the pottery and the images looking for tattoos. The scarification and tattooing was all researched, the inlaid jade teeth are in there, the ear spools are in there. There is a little doohickey that comes down from the ear through the nose into the septum — that was entirely their artistic innovation." A subtle but interesting example of authenticity in tattoing is found on the left arm of Seven, Jaguar Paw's wife – a horizontal band with two dots above; the Mayan symbol for the number 'seven'.
A screenshot of Jaguar Paw's wife, Seven, showing a tatoo on her arm in the design of the Mayan symbol for the number 7.
In addition, Hansen states that the "scenes of people running around with elaborate body paint and bones pierced through their noses" had also some artistic licence on Gibson's part. In response to how violent the Mayas were in the film, Hansen commented: "We know warfare was going on. The Postclassic center of Tulum is a walled city; these sites had to be in defensive positions. There was tremendous Aztec influence by this time. The Aztecs were clearly ruthless in their conquest and pursuit of sacrificial victims, a practice that spilled over into some of the Maya areas."
Other areas where the film has been criticized for some inaccuracy and liberties taken include the scene where Jaguar Paw and the rest of captives are used as target practice. Archaeologist Jim Brady of Cal State L.A has responded that he has not heard of any evidence of the Mayas staging such a scene, while Hansen states: "The process of using these individuals as target practice is a real possibility. I couldn't say it did happen, but I couldn't say it didn't either. [Gibson] wanted to have some reason to have the guys go after Rudy Youngblood, to go after the hero … . That was entirely Mel's scenario — but it's highly reasonable."
Apocalypto writer and producer Farhad Safinia did extensive research in conjunction with the making of the film, using several sources including the Popol Vuh. In the audio commentary of the film's first DVD release, Safinia states that the myth in the old shaman's story (played by Espiridion Acosta Cache who is an actual modern day Maya storyteller) told at night to the people of the village had been taken from a Mesoamerican tale retranslated into Yucatec Maya with Safinia's own additions.
The solar eclipse is portrayed as occurring in few seconds, with the moon moving rapidly to obstruct the sun, then remaining motionless for some time, before moving away quickly. In reality, while totality may be brief, eclipses take place over several hours, with the moon moving at a constant pace throughout.
However, it would be unrealistic to expect a film with a two hour length to represent a complete eclipse in real time. In the film, the eclipse is followed by a full moon on what appears to be the evening of the same day, an astronomical impossibility: solar eclipses only occur during the new moon. Edgar Martin del Campo of SUNY Albany has pointed out that the Maya had an understanding of astronomy and would not have been in awe of an eclipse as they are depicted in the movie. Nevertheless, while Maya astronomers and priests knew about eclipses and how to predict their occurrences, lay people may not have had access to the same information. In the movie, the reactions of the priests suggest that they were fully expecting the eclipse and had scheduled the ritual sacrificial ceremony to coincide with it; before bringing down the sacrificial knife, the High Priest looks to the sun expectantly, seconds before the eclipse begins. Also, the priests asks the sun to return during the climax of the eclipse as a sign the god is satisfied, suggesting the priest had privy knowledge of what was actually happening.
The eclipse scene of the film is reminiscent of an episode during Christopher Columbus' fourth voyage; Columbus impressed local Arawaks in what is now Jamaica by predicting a lunar eclipse.
Maya civilization in the Central Area reached its full glory in the early eighth century, but it must have contained the seeds of its own destruction, for in the century and a half that followed all its magnificent cities had fallen into decline and ultimately suffered abandonment. This was surely one of the most profound social and demographic catastrophes of all human history.
—Michael Coe, The Maya
WORTH WATCHING!
MY DVD COSTS ME $45!
I am going to
JAY CHOU
2008
CONCERT
!!!
My BEST birthday gift!
Drill this out and see if you are a mathematician!
Scenario:
There is a bus with 7 girls inside,
Each girl has 7 bags,
Inside each bag, there are 7 Big cats,
Each Big cat has 7 small cats,
All cats have 4 Legs each!
Question: How many Legs are there inside the bus?
Need the answer? Comment please.
YEAH!
Besides his 8th album coming out this November 2nd, I also heard Jay Chou is coming to town! FINALLY! I had been waiting patiently for him for 2 over years!
I am not sure if the news is true but based on Hyperecords, the upcoming concert is JAY 2008. I also read in some Jay Chou's forum saying that he will be in Singapore on 19th Jan 2007, 1 day after his birthday. The price of the concert is out too ($198, $168, $138, $108, $78, excluding $2 sistic charges). Price is kinda steep but I am willing to pay. Worse come to worse, I can do without shopping!
I die die must have $200 on hand each time. LOLx…………
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P/S: I must keep track on Sistic website each day. Hee…
I almost fainted when I listen to this song.